| Indications |
| Types |
| Pre-operative assessment |
| Pre-operative preparation |
| Post-operative care |
| Complications |
| 1. | History |
| - Family history | |
| - Pre-existing disease, e.g. DM, IHD, COAD, TB, Cardiac illness, HT, any infection | |
| - Smoking and drink alcoholic history | |
| - Decreased exercise tolerance | |
| 2. | Assessment |
| - Physical examination through inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. | |
| 3. | Investigation | |
| - CXR - ECG | ||
| - Blood tests, e.g. | ||
 Na/K, CBP, INR | ||
| ABG | ||
| - Lung Function Test - Fiber-optic Bronchoscopy, e.g. lesion, fistula, stricture, obstruction - CT Scan - Lung Perfusion Scan - Fine Needle Aspiration - Echocardiogram - Sputum, cytology | ||